2014

Siddhartha Saha, Mandeep Chadha, Abdullah Al Mamun, Mahmudur Rahman, Katharine Sturm-Ramirez, Malinee Chittaganpitch, Sirima Pattamadilok, Sonja J Olsen, Ondri Dwi Sampurno, Vivi Setiawaty, Krisna Nur Andriana Pangesti, Gina Samaan, Sibounhom Archkhawongs, Phengta Vongphrachanh, Darouny Phonekeo, Andrew Corwin, Sok Touch, Philippe Buchy, Nora Chea, Paul Kitsutani, Le Quynh Mai, Vu Dinh Thiem, Raymond Lin, Constance Low, Chong Chee Kheong, Norizah Ismail, Mohd Apandi Yusof, Amado Tandoc, Vito Roque, Akhilesh Mishra, Ann C Moen, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Jeffrey Partridge & Renu B Lall (2014). Influenza seasonality and vaccination timing in tropical and subtropical areas of southern and south-eastern Asia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 92(5): 318-330

Objective To characterize influenza seasonality and identify the best time of the year for vaccination against influenza in tropical and subtropical countries of southern and south-eastern Asia that lie north of the equator.

Methods Weekly influenza surveillance data for 2006 to 2011 were obtained from Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. Weekly rates of influenza activity were based on the percentage of all nasopharyngeal samples collected during the year that tested positive for influenza virus or viral nucleic acid on any given week. Monthly positivity rates were then calculated to define annual peaks of influenza activity in each country and across countries.

Findings Influenza activity peaked between June/July and October in seven countries, three of which showed a second peak in December to February. Countries closer to the equator had year-round circulation without discrete peaks. Viral types and subtypes varied from year to year but not across countries in a given year. The cumulative proportion of specimens that tested positive from June to November was > 60% in Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, the Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam. Thus, these tropical and subtropical countries exhibited earlier influenza activity peaks than temperate climate countries north of the equator.

Conclusion Most southern and south-eastern Asian countries lying north of the equator should consider vaccinating against influenza from April to June; countries near the equator without a distinct peak in influenza activity can base vaccination timing on local factors.